The effect of acute and 14-day exogenous ketone supplementation on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: two randomized controlled trials

Two randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials tested a ketone monoester in adults with type 2 diabetes: a single dose of 0.3 g/kg in 18 participants, and 15 g three times daily before meals for 14 days in 15 participants. A single dose raised blood beta-hydroxybutyrate to about 2 mM and acutely increased insulin and lowered nonesterified fatty acids. There were no differences in the primary outcomes of plasma glucose (acute) or serum fructosamine (14 days), and no changes in fasting metabolic outcomes after 14 days.