Effect of exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate on BDNF signaling, cognition, and amyloid precursor protein processing in humans with T2D and insulin-resistant rodents

This paper reports parallel human and rodent studies of exogenous ketone supplementation, with the human arm testing acute and short-term ketone monoester supplementation in adults with type 2 diabetes and the rodent arm testing acute and chronic beta-hydroxybutyrate in C57BL/6J mice with and without insulin resistance. The outcomes were circulating or cortical BDNF, cognition or recognition memory, and amyloid precursor protein processing. Ketone supplementation did not change plasma BDNF or cognition in humans, and did not change recognition memory or cortical BDNF in mice.