Effect of Acute and Chronic Ingestion of Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis searched five databases and included 4 acute and 6 chronic studies with 187 participants in total. Pooled results showed no change in systolic blood pressure (standardized mean difference -0.14, 95 percent CI -0.40 to 0.11) or diastolic blood pressure (-0.12, 95 percent CI -0.30 to 0.05), and a possible tendency toward higher resting heart rate (0.17, 95 percent CI -0.14 to 0.47). Supplement dose modulated the increase in resting heart rate, with higher doses leading to a higher rate. The authors state that higher quality studies with standardized measurements are needed.