Biomarkers, ketone bodies, and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease

This article compares the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and discusses biomarkers for its preclinical phase. It states that ketone ester-induced elevation of plasma ketone body levels improves mitochondrial metabolism and prevents or delays progression of AD-like pathologic changes in several AD animal models. The authors conclude that, as a first step, it is imperative to determine whether ketone ester-caused hyperketonemia can bring about favorable changes in biomarkers of AD pathology in people in an early stage of preclinical AD.