Beneficial Effects of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements on Aging Processes and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

This review summarizes hallmarks of aging and signaling pathways in relation to the possible beneficial effects of exogenous ketogenic supplements, such as ketone salts and ketone esters, on lifespan, aging processes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and impaired learning and memory. It describes proposed neuroprotective mechanisms of ketosis, including improved mitochondrial function, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, histone and non-histone acetylation, beta-hydroxybutyrylation of histones, and modulation of neurotransmitter systems and RNA functions.